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Mitosis is the simplest type of cell division, which is responsible for the growth of tissues and individuals. the phenomenon of mitosis is of universal occurrence and is found in all living beings from the smallest bacterium to the largest animal. It shows a marked similarity in its minute’s details …

Energy exists in many forms, such as heat, light, chemical energy, and electrical energy. Energy is the ability to bring about change or to do work. Thermodynamics is the study of energy. The thermodynamics is concerned with energy changes accompanying a given process (physical or chemical) and not with the …

Lysosomes (Laso = dissolving; some = body) are membrane-bound spherical organelles containing lysosomal enzymes, that are hydrolytic in nature. Important enzymes present in the lysosome are acid hydrolases, proteases, lipases, and acid phosphatases. Let us see why lysosomes are called suicidal bags of the cell? These enzymes are capable of …

In developed countries, vitamin deficiencies result mainly from poverty, food fads, drugs, or alcoholism. Vitamin toxicity (hypervitaminosis) usually results from taking mega doses of Vit.A, D, B6, or niacin. It may be fat soluble (A, D, E, and K) and water-soluble (B and C). The B vitamins include biotin, folate, …

Bacteria are cultivated and studied under laboratory conditions. Numerous media(singular, medium) have been developed for bacterial cultivation. Because the nutritional requirements of bacteria vary widely, there are great differences in the chemical compositions of the media used in the laboratory. This article gives the details of Bacterial growth. Bacterial Growth …

What are the Physiological Buffers in the Human Body and its importance? The normal hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids is about 40 nmol liter (pH–7.4): during the course of one day, some 60 mmol/liter of hydrogen ion is added to it which, if not buffered, would raise the concentration …